Analytical review of the week No. 144 of 19.12.2021.

Авторы публикации

ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE MOST IMPORTANT DOMESTIC, FOREIGN POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC EVENTS OF THE WEEK

13.12.- 19.12.2021

CONTENT:

SUMMARY AND KEY TRENDS.

INTERNAL POLICY.

1. President Volodymyr Zelenskyy registered in the Verkhovna Rada bills on the introduction of an economic passport.

2. Protests of FLP against cash registers.

3. The Rada has allowed foreign military personnel to enter Ukraine for exercises.

4. Sociology. Presidential and parliamentary ratings.

FOREIGN POLICY.

1. Russian-American negotiations, proposals and ultimatums.

2. Negotiations between Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping.

3. The European Commission proposed to abandon long-term contracts for the purchase of gas.

ECONOMY.

1. Side effects of “Big construction” for the Ukrainian economy .

2. Total fiscalization.

3. Continuation of privatization despite unfavorable conditions.

4. The European Parliament harms the economic interests of the EU to please the United States.

5. The Rada adopted a localization law, which does not apply to the EU and the USA.

SUMMARY AND KEY TRENDS.

Summing up the results of the outgoing week, we note that:

Firstly , this week, despite the protest actions of the FLP, the authorities did not move the date for the introduction of cash registers for them. This happened as part of the continuation of the trend towards total fiscalization, caused by the desire to cover the budget deficit and the repayment of foreign loans at the expense of ordinary citizens.

Secondly , based on the results of the past week, we can say that under V. Zelensky, a trend is being formed to build up a foreign military presence in Ukraine. The people's deputies decided to admit units of the armed forces of other states to Ukraine to participate in multinational exercises in 2022, according to which the presence of foreign military personnel in Ukraine has almost tripled since 2019.

Thirdly , the news of Russian-American relations testifies to the fact that Moscow firmly intends to protect itself from the threats associated with the expansion of the NATO bloc and its military infrastructure to the East in recent decades for the Russian Federation. The issue of non-deployment of American or NATO weapons on Ukrainian territory is as critical for Russia today as the issue of non-deployment of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba was for the United States in the 1960s. And, it is likely that we are on the verge of a semblance of a new "Caribbean crisis". This time in Eastern Europe. It can be expressed in attempts by the United States to deploy missile defense elements on the territory of Ukraine that can be used to launch tactical nuclear missiles, or other weapons, the presence of which here will be perceived by Russia as a “casus belli”. Considering that the American side is unlikely to agree to give Russia the guarantees it requires, in the foreseeable future one should expect further militarization of Eastern Europe and an intensification of the Russian-American confrontation in the region. Its elements could be the deployment of American tactical nuclear weapons in Poland, and Russian - in Belarus, as well as a military escalation in Ukraine at the initiative of the Russian Federation in order to prevent the deployment of American weapons systems on its territory.

Fourth , the negotiations between Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping took place just a few days after a similar video conference between Putin and Biden. They were intended to demonstrate that, contrary to the aspirations of the United States, Russia does not exchange its strategic partnership with China for any agreements with the American side. In addition, during a meeting with his Chinese counterpart, the Russian president probably informed him about how the negotiations with Biden went and what was discussed at them. After negotiations, the top officials of the Russian Federation and the PRC openly announced their intention to create an analogue of the SWIFT system independent of the West. This initiative is especially relevant for them, in the light of the threats voiced in the Western press to introduce new sanctions against the Russian Federation, implying disconnection from this system. The creation of a Russian-Chinese alternative to SWIFT, regardless of whether the corresponding Western sanctions are introduced or not, can significantly weaken the influence of Western financial capital and the position of the dollar as a world reserve currency. Strategically, this will be a big win for Russia and China.

Fifth , Despite some objectively noticeable results (several highways of national importance and a number of roads in the regions have been overhauled), the so-called Big Construction works primarily as a PR for the president and the ruling party, but not as a driver of economic growth in Ukraine. This project provides neighboring countries with work and orders, as is the case with Belarus and Turkey. Also "Big Construction" increases the debt burden on the budget of Ukraine.

Sixth , the belligerent country Ukraine is transforming the state concern (trust) Ukroboronprom into a joint stock company. Privatization of OGHK is under threat of failure due to low interest of foreign investors. The foreign company that won the auction for the privatization of Electronmash, in fact, refused to sign the purchase and sale agreement, having delayed the signing.

INTERNAL POLICY.

Briefly :

This week, despite the protest actions of the FLP, the authorities did not move the deadline for the introduction of cash registers for them. This happened as part of the continuation of the trend towards total fiscalization, caused by the desire to cover the budget deficit and the repayment of foreign loans at the expense of ordinary citizens.

Based on the results of the past week, we can say that under V. Zelensky, a trend is being formed to build up a foreign military presence in Ukraine. The people's deputies decided to admit units of the armed forces of other states to Ukraine to participate in multinational exercises in 2022, according to which the presence of foreign military personnel in Ukraine has almost tripled since 2019.

1. President Volodymyr Zelenskyy registered in the Verkhovna Rada bills on the introduction of an economic passport .

On Monday, after a meeting of the Servant of the People faction, its leader David Arakhamia said that the law on the capital will be considered in the Verkhovna Rada in the "new season." It will take 3-4 days to pass the law as a whole. “ Considering the number of amendments, we have priorities in terms of the importance of laws. As well as the time of consideration in the hall. And there you need a sufficiently large amount of time for consideration in the hall. Therefore, we decided to postpone it ,” D. Arahamia said. [1] .

The intention to adopt a law on the capital continues the trend towards strengthening the power of the OP at the regional level, as well as the opposition of V. Zelensky and V. Klitschko for control over the main financial flows in Kiev. The main purpose of the document is to delimit the powers of the mayor and the head of the Kyiv City State Administration, appointed by the president. At the same time, the results of the latest opinion poll by the Rating agency show that the people of Kiev are inclined to trust the incumbent mayor V. Klichko more - 51%; do not trust - 48% than V. Zelensky (trust - 39% do not trust - 59% [2] ).

One of the reasons that the consideration of the law on the capital was postponed to the next season may be the lack of votes in parliament. This situation could have developed taking into account the influence of D. Razumkov on the voting of the deputies who are in his MFO. In addition, it is possible that the opposing parties ( V. Zelensky and V. Klitschko) are behind the scenes trying to come to agreements on the distribution of financial flows in Kiev, in connection with which the consideration of the law on the capital was postponed.

2. Protests of FLP against cash registers.

This week, the Verkhovna Rada voted down the law on the postponement of the introduction of cash registers for individual entrepreneurs (IE) for a year. The people's deputies did not come to the meeting en masse. There were not enough votes even to put the bill on the agenda. In particular, the decisive role was played by the fact that only 36 deputies voted in favor of the Servant of the People; all in all, 102 votes were collected. Now, from January 1, 2022, all entrepreneurs, including sole proprietors, will have to use cash registers. Additional expenses for a cash register and an accountant will cost, on average, 10-15 thousand per month, which can lead to the closure of a part of small business[3] .

Earlier, the terms of total fiscalization for individual entrepreneurs were already postponed after mass protests. Now a similar situation and entrepreneurs have also taken to the streets en masse, demanding the cancellation of the decision on cash registers or the adoption of a bill in which checks are provided only for expensive purchases.

However, this time the authorities are not making concessions, continuing the trend towards total fiscalization, caused by the desire to cover the budget deficit and repay foreign loans at the expense of ordinary citizens.

3. The Rada has allowed foreign military personnel to enter Ukraine for exercises.

On December 14, people's deputies decided to admit units of the armed forces of other states to Ukraine to participate in multinational exercises in 2022 [4] . In particular, it is planned to hold 10 multinational exercises on the territory of Ukraine, in which it is planned to attract about 21.5 thousand military personnel of Ukraine. In total, more than 11 thousand foreign military personnel will take part in various exercises on the territory of Ukraine. Soldiers of the Ukrainian army will take part in 26 multinational military exercises, both on the territory of Ukraine and abroad.

It is worth noting that the admission of foreign military personnel to exercises in Ukraine occurs every year. But at the same time, if we consider a similar decision from 2019, which was signed by P. Poroshenko, the presence of the armed forces of other states to participate in multinational exercises on the territory of Ukraine increased significantly (almost three times), then this number was about 4 thousand people[5] . Therefore, we can say that under V. Zelensky, a trend is being formed to build up a foreign military presence in Ukraine.

At a time when the leadership of the Russian Federation openly calls the military development of the territory of Ukraine by NATO countries a "red line", this trend poses a great danger and fraught with the risk of military escalation.

4. Sociology. Presidential and parliamentary ratings.

According to a sociological study by the Kiev International Institute of Sociology (KIIS)[6] , which was published on Monday, December 13, continues to lead in the presidential rating:

• V. Zelensky - 27.1% of the respondents. In comparison with the poll cited by KIIS on October 15-18, 2021, the president's rating increased (+ 2.4%); was -24.7%. This is followed by:

• P. Poroshenko - 19.7% (+ 4.1%).

• Yulia Tymoshenko - 11.3% (-0.9%).

• I. Smeshko - 7.7% (unchanged).

• Y. Boyko - 6.6% (-2.8).

• E. Muraev - 6.5% (+ 0.3%).

• D. Razumkov - 6.3% (-0.8%).

The parliamentary rating continues to lead:

• European Solidarity - 19.8% (+ 2.7% compared to November).

• "Servant of the People" - 18.4%

In comparison with the KIIS survey, which was conducted at the end of November, the party's rating increased by - (+ 3.4%).

In total, 7 parties get into parliament.

The rest do not overcome the 5% barrier

• D. Razumkov's party "Smart Politics" - 4.8% (-5.1%) is teetering on the brink of getting into parliament.

According to the results of the KIIS research , the president's rating has grown by + 2.4% since October. The Servant of the People's rating has grown by 3.4% since the end of November, but the party has lost its leadership. The first place in the party rating continues to be held by "European Solidarity". Since November, her rating has increased by + 2.7%, and the rating of P. Poroshenko has also increased (since October, + 4.1%). Noteworthy is the significant decrease since the end of November in the ratings of the Batkivshchyna parties (-4.2%) and D. Razumkov's Smart Politics (-5.1%).

FOREIGN POLICY.

Briefly:

The news of Russian-American relations testifies to the fact that Moscow firmly intends to protect itself from the threats associated with the expansion of the NATO bloc and its military infrastructure to the East in recent decades for the Russian Federation. The issue of non-deployment of American or NATO weapons on Ukrainian territory is as critical for Russia today as the issue of non-deployment of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba was for the United States in the 1960s. Considering that the American side is unlikely to agree to give Russia the guarantees it requires, in the foreseeable future one should expect further militarization of Eastern Europe and an intensification of the Russian-American confrontation in the region. Its elements could be the deployment of American tactical nuclear weapons in Poland, and Russian - in Belarus, as well as a military escalation in Ukraine at the initiative of the Russian Federation in order to prevent the deployment of American weapons systems on its territory.

The talks between Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping took place just a few days after a similar video conference between Putin and Biden. They were intended to demonstrate that, contrary to the aspirations of the United States, Russia does not exchange its strategic partnership with China for any agreements with the American side. In addition, during a meeting with his Chinese counterpart, the Russian president probably informed him about how the negotiations with Biden went and what was discussed at them. After negotiations, the top officials of the Russian Federation and the PRC openly announced their intention to create an analogue of the SWIFT system independent of the West. This initiative is especially relevant for them, in the light of the threats voiced in the Western press to introduce new sanctions against the Russian Federation, implying disconnection from this system. The creation of a Russian-Chinese alternative to SWIFT, regardless of whether the corresponding Western sanctions are introduced or not, can significantly weaken the influence of Western financial capital and the position of the dollar as a world reserve currency. Strategically, this will be a big win for Russia and China.

1. Russian-American negotiations, proposals and ultimatums.

On December 17, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs published Russia's strategic proposal to the United States and NATO on mutual security guarantees. It included 12 points, including the exclusion of further expansion of the alliance and the accession of Ukraine to it.

The press service of the Russian Foreign Ministry announced the transfer of the draft document to the American side, and its text was also posted on the agency's website.

The draft agreement prepared in the Russian Federation includes the following clauses:

Russia invites NATO to commit itself to excluding further expansion and accession to the alliance of Ukraine;
Russia and NATO pledge not to deploy intermediate and shorter-range missiles in areas from where they can hit each other's territory, the Russian project says;
Russia invites NATO to consolidate the agreement to peacefully resolve all disputes and refrain from the use of force;
Russia and the United States do not use the territory of other countries to prepare or carry out an attack on each other;
Russia and NATO must commit themselves not to create conditions that can be regarded as a threat, says the Russian draft;
Russia and the United States undertake not to conduct military exercises with the development of scenarios for the use of nuclear weapons;
Russia and the United States undertake not to prepare military non-nuclear countries to use nuclear weapons;
Russia invites NATO to confirm that they do not see each other as adversaries;
Russia and the United States undertake not to deploy nuclear weapons abroad and return those already deployed, as well as eliminate the infrastructure for the deployment of nuclear weapons outside their territory;
Russia offers NATO to abandon any military activity in Ukraine, Eastern Europe, Transcaucasia, Central Asia;
Russia and the United States undertake not to deploy intermediate and shorter-range missiles abroad and in areas from where they can hit targets on the territory of the other side;
Russia proposes NATO not to deploy additional military and weapons outside the countries in which they were in May 1997 (before the accession of the Eastern European countries to the alliance) - except in exceptional cases with the consent of Russia and NATO members[7] .

Immediately after the above proposals were put forward, the United States announced that it had begun discussing them with its NATO allies. Then, information appeared in the media about the preparation of counter-proposals by the American side, as well as that the countries of the Baltic and Northern Europe categorically rejected the Russian proposals.

Then NATO Deputy Secretary General Mircea Joana called the condition for the start of negotiations between the representatives of the alliance with Russia on the security guarantees on which Moscow insists. According to him, the Russian Federation is first obliged to achieve de-escalation of the situation on the border with Ukraine.[8] .

And although the official discussion of the Russian proposals by the leadership of the NATO countries will take place only next week, Moscow has already made it clear that they do not cherish hopes for the consent of the American side and its allies.

If the West rejects Russia's security proposals, then Moscow will switch to a counter-threat regime. Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Alexander Grushko told about this on December 18[9] .

According to him, now Moscow is making it clear that it is ready to talk about how "the military scenario or the military-technical scenario of the confrontation should be translated into a political process."

But if the Russian Federation has to switch to "this regime of creating counter-threats," then it will be too late to ask Moscow, "why did we make such and such decisions, why did we place such systems there, why and why."

On the air of the YouTube channel "Soloviev Live" Grushko noted that the Russian Federation proceeds from the fact that NATO will not be able to brush aside Moscow's security guarantees in Europe. According to him, Russia will consistently seek from the alliance the vision of building European security as Moscow sees it. At the same time, Russia has enough technical capabilities to ensure its own military security.

The above-mentioned news of Russian-American relations testifies to the fact that Moscow firmly intends to protect itself from the threats associated with the expansion of the NATO bloc and its military infrastructure to the East in recent decades for the Russian Federation. The issue of non-deployment of American or NATO weapons on Ukrainian territory is as critical for Russia today as the issue of non-deployment of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba was for the United States in the 1960s. And, it is likely that we are on the verge of a semblance of a new "Caribbean crisis". This time in Eastern Europe. It can be expressed in attempts by the United States to deploy missile defense elements on the territory of Ukraine that can be used to launch tactical nuclear missiles, or other weapons, the presence of which here will be perceived by Russia as a “casus belli”.

Considering that the American side is unlikely to agree to give Russia the guarantees it requires, in the foreseeable future one should expect further militarization of Eastern Europe and an intensification of the Russian-American confrontation in the region. Its elements could be the deployment of American tactical nuclear weapons in Poland, and Russian - in Belarus, as well as a military escalation in Ukraine at the initiative of the Russian Federation in order to prevent the deployment of American weapons systems on its territory.

2. Negotiations between Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping.

On December 15, talks were held between Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping. They went through the video link and lasted about an hour and a half. As reported in the Kremlin, the heads of Russia and China were able to talk about literally all pressing and important problems in bilateral relations between Moscow and Beijing, and on the international agenda.[10] .

In particular, Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping advocated the formation of an independent infrastructure for trade operations between the Russian Federation and the PRC. Aide to the Russian President Yuri Ushakov told reporters about this.[11] .

According to him, we are talking about creating an infrastructure that would not be able to influence third countries.

The leaders also shared the experience of countries in the field of digital currencies of central banks.

Ushakov added that bilateral trade is actively developing. Record trade figures are expected this year.

“Both sides reaffirmed their desire to bring mutual trade to the level of $ 200 billion. For this, both sides will make efforts, ”said Putin's aide.

Two aspects were key in the negotiations between the Russian and Chinese leaders.

First, these talks took place just days after a similar videoconference between Putin and Biden. Thus, they were intended to demonstrate that, contrary to the aspirations of the United States, Russia does not exchange its strategic partnership with China for any agreements with the American side. In addition, during a meeting with his Chinese counterpart, the Russian president probably informed him about how the negotiations with Biden went and what was discussed at them.

Secondly, after the negotiations, the top officials of the Russian Federation and the PRC openly announced their intention to create an analogue of the SWIFT system independent of the West. This initiative is especially relevant for them, in the light of the threats voiced in the Western press to introduce new sanctions against the Russian Federation, implying disconnection from this system. The creation of a Russian-Chinese alternative to SWIFT, regardless of whether the corresponding Western sanctions are introduced or not, can significantly weaken the influence of Western financial capital and the position of the dollar as a world reserve currency. Strategically, this will be a big win for Russia and China.

3. The European Commission proposed to abandon long-term contracts for the purchase of gas.

On December 15, the European Commission proposed not to renew long-term contracts for imports of fossil gas after 2049 in the EU[12] .

At the same time, short-term contracts for the purchase of fuel do not intend to prohibit. As for the agreements, designed for one to two decades, it is proposed to ban them by the end of 2049 "in accordance with the goal of decarbonization for 2050."

In addition, the EC proposed to the EU states to establish minimum gas reserves in the event of a supply risk. After identifying the risks, according to the European Commission, it is planned to introduce "countermeasures from a number of options, including minimum storage obligations, tenders or auctions."

In the current winter, when Europe is experiencing a gas shortage, the above proposal sounds extremely irrational and strange. The current year has shown that exchange trading in gas is a source of speculative growth in its price, and the only guarantee of price stability is long-term contracts.

However, there is still a lot of time until 2049. It is quite possible that this proposal of the European Commission will be forgotten in a couple of years.

ECONOMY

Briefly:

"Big Construction" works, first of all, as a PR for the president and the ruling party, but not as a driver of economic growth in Ukraine. This project provides neighboring countries with work and orders, as is the case with Belarus and Turkey. Also "Big Construction" increases the debt burden on the budget of Ukraine.

Retail prices will rise by 10-20 percent from January 1, 2022 due to tougher requirements for the use of cash registers by small businesses. The authorities simplify the procedure for the removal of organs from citizens. The NBU will not limit the interest of microcredit organizations in any way. Ukrainian banks are also canceling cashbacks.

The belligerent country Ukraine is transforming the state concern Ukroboronprom into a joint stock company. Privatization of OGHK is under threat of failure due to low interest of foreign investors. The foreign company that won the auction for the privatization of Electronmash, in fact, refused to sign the purchase and sale agreement, having delayed the signing.

1. Side effects of “Big construction” for the Ukrainian economy .

On December 10, 2021, the Prime Minister of Ukraine D. Shmyhal submitted to parliament a bill No. 6422 “On the alienation of land plots, other immovable property that are located on them, which are in private ownership, for public needs or for reasons of public need[13] . " For 3 years, 296 billion hryvnyas were spent on large construction. (about $ 11 billion)[14] :

- 2019 - UAH 41.0 billion;

- 2020 - UAH 115.7 billion;

- 2021 - UAH 139.3 billion. (Law on the State Budget-2021 as amended).

And what are the results?

First, the Big Construction program has some positive results. They are expressed, first of all, in the overhaul of several highways of national importance and a number of roads in the regions.

Secondly, these huge expenses did not produce any significant multiplier effect for the Ukrainian economy. Let's remind that the declared effect is 1 to 4, including on employment. Employment, according to the State Statistics Service, in Ukraine is not increasing, but decreasing. And GDP in 2021 will increase by only 3% (and according to some estimates, only 2%, after a decline of minus 4% in 2020), instead of the initially expected 4.6%.

Third, Big Construction finances the economy and employment in other countries: for example, in Belarus (imports of bitumen increased sharply) and in Turkey (imports of machinery and labor).

Fourthly, since credit funds are constantly attracted to finance large construction, Ukrainian taxpayers spent about $ 1 billion only on interest on these loans (2019: 2021, see graph). In 2021, interest payments tripled. We will pay a similar amount in 2022.

Fifth, against the backdrop of huge spending, we constantly hear about possible corruption scandals.

Sixth, road repair, by definition, cannot be a driver of economic growth. Only industry can be such a driver. Processing industry, including the production of high-tech products.

2. Total fiscalization.

From January 1, 2022, PPO will become mandatory for almost all individual entrepreneurs[15] . Cash registers are at least additional expenses for a cash register and an accountant. At least 10-15 thousand per month. It will be necessary to cut employees. Many will have to increase the price tags for goods and services by 10-20 percent. And if the business does not go according to the new price tags, then there is only one way out - to close. They left a fine for not using the cash register and not issuing a check or, for example, conducting an incomplete amount through the cashier.

On December 16, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted in general the draft law on transplantation No. 5831, which proposes to use the electronic consent of citizens for organ transplantation [16] . According to the bill, the written consent of a living donor and the consent of parents or other legal representatives to the seizure of anatomical materials from him or a written refusal of such consent previously provided no longer requires notarization of the transaction or certification of the signature by a notary. It is also proposed to expand the circle of persons authorized to make decisions on the procedure for carrying out the seizure of anatomical materials, choosing a recipient, performing an organ transplant operation and carrying out activities related to transplantation.

On December 16, the network of medical laboratories "Synevo" on its official Facebook page announced an unfair additional tax collection of 1.1 billion hryvnia[17] .

In November 2021, after the reduction in November of domestic interbank commissions (interchanging), banks began to revise cashbacks[18] .

On December 17, Olga Lobaichuk, the head of the NBU financial services consumer protection department, said at a press briefing that the NBU would not limit the maximum interest rates on microcredits , although now they sometimes exceed 1000% per annum[19] .

3. Continuation of privatization despite unfavorable conditions .

As of December 14, the foreign buyer of the Elektronmash enterprise - the Lorten Group company - did not sign until the deadline - December 13 - the draft contract for the sale and purchase of the privatization object[20] .

On December 14, on its official website, the RRB announced the exposure of the deputy general director of one of the enterprises of "Ukroboronprom", who asked for money from a foreign company for intermediary services [21] .

On December 15, the already former State Concern "Ukroboronprom" on its official Facebook page announced a self-stop, namely, transformation into a joint-stock company[22] .

The Cabinet of Ministers did not provide additional guarantees for OGCC investors[23] . Therefore, international companies may not participate in the privatization auction.

4. The European Parliament harms the economic interests of the EU to please the United States .

On December 13, the new German Foreign Minister Annalena Berbock said that she saw no reason to commission Nord Stream 2[24] "After such a statement, on December 16, the spot gas price in Europe exceeded USD 1,700 per thousand cubic meters.[25] .

On December 16, the European Parliament adopted a resolution calling for a halt to the launch of Nord Stream 2, even to the detriment of the EU gas directive[26] .

On December 16, the US Senate registered a project on military assistance to Ukraine and sanctions against Nord Stream 2[27] ".

As for the Ukrainian energy sector, on December 8, the SBU sent a report to the Cabinet of Ministers, according to which Ukraine is one step away from stopping enterprises that provide heating to entire regions.[28] .

5. The Rada adopted a localization law, which does not apply to the EU and the USA .

On December 16, the Verkhovna Rada adopted in the second reading the draft law No. 3739, which provides for benefits for domestic machine building [29] . The European Union criticized this bill for violating the principles of the Association Agreement and a free trade zone with the EU. Because of him, Brussels even threatened to freeze the line of credit to Kiev. But in the end, the parties reached a compromise, according to which the localization requirement will not apply to companies from countries participating in the WTO public procurement agreement, in particular the EU and the United States.

Edited by:

Ruslan Bortnik,

Daniil Bogatyrev.

Authors:

Daniil Bogatyrev,

Oksana Krasovskaya,

Andrey Timchenko.

[1] https://zn.ua/POLITICS/prinjatie-zakona-o-stolitse-pereneseno-na-sledujushchij-hod.html

[2] https://ratinggroup.ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/rg_kyiv_122021_press.pdf

[3] https://strana.best/articles/analysis/367352-vvedenie-rro-s-2022-hoda-ch...

[4] https://nsn.fm/in-the-world/verhovnaya-rada-razreshila-dopusk-inostrannyh-voennyh-na-ukrainu

[5] https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/382019-26186